Pump cavitation occurs when vapour bubbles form in the fluid due to low inlet pressure, often from excessive suction lift or clogged inlets, and collapse violently within the pump chamber. To prevent cavitation, minimise suction lift (keep the pump close to the fluid source), ensure inlet lines and filters are clear, and verify that the NPSHa (Net Positive Suction Head available) exceeds the NPSHr (Net Positive Suction Head required).